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Cygnus OA-4 patch
Cygnus ISS Cargo

Cygnus OA-4

A Cygnus cargo spacecraft delivering supplies and experiments to the International Space Station.

Northrop Grumman Launched 2015-12-06

The return to flight came a year later and on somebody else's rocket. With Antares grounded pending its re-engining, the company bought launches on an Atlas V — a competitor's vehicle, and a considerably more expensive one — rather than let the station go unsupplied.

The extra performance allowed a larger spacecraft. This was the first enhanced Cygnus, with a lengthened pressurised module increasing capacity by roughly a quarter, and it delivered around 3,500 kilograms — the largest cargo load the vehicle had carried.

Cygnus 5 (S.S. Deke Slayton II) preparing for release from Canadarm2 at the end of its mission.
Cygnus 5 (S.S. Deke Slayton II) preparing for release from Canadarm2 at the end of its mission. — NASA/Tim Kopra

That included a microsatellite deployer, experiments on combustion and materials, and a substantial quantity of food and spare parts replacing what had been lost in the previous year's failures.

ISS 45 Cygnus 5 approaching the ISS
ISS 45 Cygnus 5 approaching the ISS — NASA

The spacecraft was named Deke Slayton II, deliberately carrying forward the name lost in the launch failure — a small gesture with an obvious meaning for the people who had built it.

Buying a competitor's launch vehicle to honour a fixed-price contract is an unusual commercial outcome, and it demonstrated the point of structuring the programme that way: the contractor absorbed the cost of its own failure rather than the customer.